Modeling, simulation, and performance evaluation of a commercial electric scooter
Publication date
2025-09-18
Document type
Forschungsartikel
Author
Organisational unit
Publisher
MDPI
Series or journal
World Electric Vehicle Journal
ISSN
Periodical volume
16
Periodical issue
9
Article ID
529
Peer-reviewed
✅
Part of the university bibliography
✅
Funding(s)
Language
English
Keyword
Micro-mobility
Electromobility
E-scooter
PMBLDC motor
Battery management
dtec.bw
Abstract
As electric scooters (e-scooters) continue to populate city streets and gain popularity as a key mode of micro-mobility, issues such as their energy consumption and demand from the power grid, as well as optimizing their electrical systems, become increasingly important. Improving performance requires a deep understanding of their electrical behavior and the design of smart control strategies. This paper presents a detailed analysis of the entire electrical system of commercial electric scooters, with a particular focus on the performance of key components such as the permanent magnet brushless direct current motor and the lithium-ion battery system. The study involves modeling and simulation of motor control, battery management, and DC-link voltage stabilization using MATLAB/Simulink. The simulations are complemented by laboratory measurements of the motor performance in an SXT Scooters MAX unit under various operating conditions. Additionally, a complete battery charging cycle is analyzed to evaluate charging characteristics and usable energy storage capacity. This paper presents a first step for researchers interested in studying the electrical systems of e-scooters. Additionally, it can serve as educational material for electrical engineers in the field of e-scooters.
Description
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Version
Published version
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Metadata only access